. Japanese planners also studied Taranto, however. The aircraft were lumbering Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm; their target: Italian Navy warships anchored at the port of Taranto. Said one test pilot, it was unbelievably easy to fly . The first wave of 12 Swordfish reached Taranto in formation despite low visibility on the cloudy night of November 11, 1940. Many aircraft are represented in the FAA Museum at Yeovilton. well it wasn't designed as a fighter was it.. Of course it wasn't.and it was far from the best Naval aircraft the brits had at their disposal during WW2 8). The Fairey Swordfish was deployed from normal Royal Navy ships with floats through an aircraft catapult on board the ship in order to do recon or act as an artillery spotter for the ship. This section lists many of the aircraft flown by the RNAS/FAA since 1909 at Front Line. This list deals specifically with aircraft of the Royal Navy 's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) during World War II . ISBN, Articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. The British intelligence services bizarre deception plan created by a spy novelist, a lawyer, and an RAF officer proved successful beyond expectations, deceiving the Germans about Allied plans for the invasion of Sicily. Under the lend lease scheme, specialist American carrier types such as the Martlet (Wildcat), Corsair, Avenger and Hellcat helped provided the Fleet with a range of aircraft comparable or superior to the enemy both in Europe and the Far East. Several Firefly squadrons saw active service in the Korean War. An all metal monoplane torpedo-bomber/dive bomber, the Barracude was the last British torpedo bomber to enter service during the war, serving from January 1943. It deals just with the colors and is well worth the money. 10th Apr 1940 Ship Sunk. Modified for British requirements, they were given the service name "Chesapeake". Fleet Air Arm. Fleet Air Arm History. A/S and BomberBuilt by: Beardmore Engines: Renault 90hp.Number in Crew : 1 or 2Performance : Max Speed : 72 mphCeiling : 10,000 ftWeapons : 4 x 25lb bombs or Lewis gun.Wing Span : 37 ftDate First Flight : July 1913Date First Squadron : 1914Number Built: over 300In Service Dates : 1914 - 1918Squadrons or Flights. Built by: Chance Vought Engines: 1 x P&W Double Wasp R-2800Number in Crew : 1Performance : Max Speed : 374 mphCeiling : 35,000 ftWeapons : 4 or 6 x 0.5in guns in wings + 2 x 1000lb bombsWing Span : 41 ftDate First Flight : 1938Date First Squadron : 1 June 1943Number Built: Abt 2000In Service Dates All of our cookies are used to ensure the best user experience and some are essential for this website to operate correctly. Building 412, Modern mechanized armies need a robust logistics chain to provide fuel, ammunition, and other sinews of war to sustain combat operations. Back on the aircraft carrier, the pilots prepared to rearm for further attacks, but approaching bad weather forced the British to withdraw. Naval aircraft provided air cover to convoys keeping the Atlantic life-line open, supported the land campaigns in north Africa and Europe, changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean and helped secure victory in the Pacific. From 1933, an RAF Coastal Command detachment operating from the wharf at the HM Dockyard, on Ireland Island, was responsible for the maintenance of the aeroplanes carried by the cruisers based at the Bermuda . Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for WW2 Aircraft Postcard C1940 Real Photo RAF Fleet Air Arm Grumman G36 Fighter at the best online prices at eBay! Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, List of Royal Air Force aircraft squadrons, Fleet Air Arm archive: INDEX OF NAVAL AIR SQUADRONS - 860 squadron (Netherlands), Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. Ultimately it was the successful protection of this vital sea corridor by British and allied ships from the German surface and U-boat threat that led to success in North Africa, at D-Day and ultimately resulted in the fall of Germany. Naval aircraft provided air cover to convoys keeping the Atlantic life-line open, supported the land campaigns in north Africa and Europe, changed the balance of power in the Mediterranean and helped secure victory . In May 1942, the Admiralty commented 'that with adequate and efficient air escort', the U-boat '"wolf-pack" attack on a convoy should be impossible'. Aircraft. Help us continue to keep this last remaining link with Victory in Europe flying, as a lasting legacy of the great price paid to keep our Atlantic life-line open by making a donation today. JavaScript is disabled. bomb under the fuselage and four 40lb bombs or eight 20lb Cooper bombs under the wings. The Taranto attack made front page news across the world. In the British military the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) is the branch of the Royal Navy designated responsible for the operation of naval aircraft. That was the position in the fourth year of the war. Was originally called Tarpon but was changed to Avenger when the FAA changed to using the US names. One of the Swordfish was shot down, killing the crew, and the rest returned to theIllustrious. Unfortunately, two of the planes collided on deck and one, damaged, had to abort. In both war and peace, Baker served as an inspirational leader for the soldiers that served under his command and for generations to come. The main variant used by the FAA was the Beaufighter Mk X as used by 772 Naval Air Squadron and 728 Naval Air Squadron. The Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) and the Special Air Service (SAS) were the inspiration for a kitschy American TV show of the 1960s. For information on those Squadrons still active within the Royal Navy visit the archived Royal Navy Web site or Fleet Air Arm Web site. http://www.fleetairarmarchive.net/Aircraft/firefly_wb271_preserved_flying_RNHF.jpg, CANADA BANS 1500 TYPES OF ASSAULT WEAPONS IMMEDIATELY, Charity Auction for Signed Copy of Finish Forty and Home. Yet only in the fourth year of the war was the Fleet Air Arm given the Seafire. It got splendid assistance. South Dispersal, bomb under the fuselage and four 40lb bombs or eight 20lb Cooper bombs under the wings. Powered by 1,240 horsepower Wright "Cyclone" radial engines, the first "Martlets" entered service in September 1940, and achieved the first "kill" for any American-built fighter in British service on Christmas day of that year, when a German Ju-88 was forced down near Scapa Flow. Carrier aircraft of World War II [ edit] Many of the scheme variations came from orders. Aircraft, Navy . Is there a good reference book available that would describe the different Paint Scheme's and colors (colours?) Formed as an all-Black unit, it became famous not for its combat record, but for its fight against the military version of separate but equal.. $10.00 + $6.85 shipping. More merchant ships were needed to lift the considerable additional reinforcement and their maintenance supplies. RM 2FP087P - Arrester hook of Supermarine Seafire fighter plane, naval version of the Spitfire. Despite its classification and appearance . Fly Navy Heritage Trust is licenced and regulated in Great Britain by the Gambling Commision under the account number 52537. The attack on the Italian Fleet in harbor in November 1940 is regarded as a stunning demonstration of naval air power it hampered Fascist ambitions in the Mediterranean and served as the blueprint for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 13 months later. It is also home to the first British Concorde and the award-winning Aircraft . Click to enlarge. The Beauforts operated could use both torpedoes and bombs and lay naval mines. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. used by the RAF and Fleet Air Arm during WWII? With improvements in radar it was removed from some of the capital ships as it was rendered obsolete in its other role in patrolling for axis subs with ASV radar[28][29], The Beaufort was derived from a medium bomber and was used by the Fleet Air Arm from 1940 until the end of the war. During World War II, Britains Fleet Air Arm (FAA) seldom grabbed the headlines, being overshadowed by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other countries air forces in general. Content: 8 x 17 ml./0.57 fl.oz. The supply of Catalinas was very considerable. The character of naval warfare had changed and the aircraft carrier was now an essential part of any modern navy. Wish we cold have a source for the RAF and FAA like the works of Merrick and Ullmann, who tried to put it altogether for the Luftwaffe. Free delivery for many products! The parallel plan for the conversion of suitable grain-carrying merchant ships and oil tankers to Merchant Aircraft Carriers (or MAC Ships) accommodating a few Swordfish anti-submarine aircraft was also constrained by the critical shortage of ships in their primary role to continue to carry food and oil to the UK (especially with the heavy diversion of shipping associated with Operation Torch). The Douglas DBS Dauntless dive bomber was a key cog in the America Navy war effort throughout the Pacific during World War 2. The organisation of the Luftwaffe was very different from that of the Royal Air Force (RAF), which was organised into Commands based on function. Tarpon II aircraft had Interior green cockpits, Zinc Chromate cowl interior, and US equivalent colors of Sea Grey, Olive Drab, and Sky Grey. 945 Magazine Street, New Orleans, LA 70130 Fairey Barracuda The next CVE, Avenger, was needed to provide fighter and anti-submarine support to the Arctic Convoys PQ 18 and QP 14 in September 1942. The problem is that the sources are scattered, and no one source gives a complete picture. During World War II, Britain's Fleet Air Arm (FAA) seldom grabbed the headlines, being overshadowed by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and other countries' air forces in general. The Sea Hurricane mk IA was a catapult only aircraft that was carried and launched from CAM ships. The 800 Series was allocated to carrier and land based operational squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. . Fleet Air Arm launches (1948-1954) The success and growth of naval aviation during World War II made apparent a need for an Australian Fleet Air Arm. People who showed incredible bravery in withstanding the threat to Britain were often recognised with gallantry awards. The Beauforts operated could use both torpedoes and bombs and lay naval mines. The FAA operated aircraft from Royal Navy ships, mainly aircraft carriers but also including capital ships and cruisers, as well as from land bases defending ports and attacking enemy shipping. The British took over French order for 50 Vought Vindicators after the Battle of France. This aircraft came into service by the FAA in November 1943. Originally under control of the RAF, it 1939 the FAA came under control of the Admiralty and operated aircraft on ships along with land-based . Tarpon III were delivered with the interior colors as the Tarpon II, and in overall glossy sea blue. WWII Naval Aircraft in Combat by Eric M. Brown (1988,. The Sea Hurricane mk IA was a catapult only aircraft that was carried and launched from CAM ships. You must log in or register to reply here. http://www.theworldwars.net/resources/r camo_rnfaa, http://www.theworldwars.net/resources/r amo_rafww2. This aircraft came into service by the FAA in November 1943. [21][22], The Fairey Albacore was intended as a replacement for the Swordfish fulfilling the same roles with an improved engine and enclosed cabin. Celebrating the 80th Anniversary of the Women's Royal New Zealand Naval Service. Find out more here. The Dragoon landings effected by sea and air on August 15 1944 helped to drive the Germans out of southern France. In 1945, 1770, 1771 and 1772 Firefly Squadrons were in the thick of operations with the British Pacific Fleet. The aircraft were lumbering Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers of the Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm; their target: Italian Navy warships anchored at the port of Taranto. Fairey Swordfish floatplane is recovered aboard the battleship Malaya after reconnaissance flight in 1941. In April 1940, a Swordfish operating off Norway sank a U-boat with bombsthe first successful attack of its type and one of many to follow. Stringbag" as a fighter one time. Fleet Air Arm Museum. Some of the pilots dropped flares, illuminating the ships in the harbor for the torpedo bombers, which swooped in low over the water. This time, three of the five torpedoes dropped hit their targetsagain the bombs were ineffective. A second wave lifted off from the Illustrious at 21:23 hours led by Lieutenant Commander J. W. Hale. [21][22], The Fairey Albacore was intended as a replacement for the Swordfish fulfilling the same roles with an improved engine and enclosed cabin. [32][33], the AS/V radar on the Swordfish was fitted below the fuselage. 727 Naval Air Squadron is formed during the Second World War on 26 May 1943 in Gibraltar, using the obsolete Fairey Swordfish, Hawker Hurricane IIC and Bolton-Paul Defiant aircraft. The Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm on the other hand, used their variant of the F4F Wildcat, F6F Hellcat and the F4U Corsair. The primary need of the Fleet Air Arm had always been a very fast fighter. Free shipping for many products! This had a very serious effect on British imports and led to the retention of the CVEs in the support role for longer than had been anticipated. They were all lost, It was a great tragedy and one that could have been avoided had more importance been attached to the Fleet Air Arm at that time. Unfortunately, the design of the Spitfire a superb land-based interceptor - was not well suited to adaptation as a naval fighter. Pilots found the Swordfish a delight to fly. With the German Afrika Korps driving toward the Suez Canal in July 1942, heroic resistance by a small band of Indian soldiers and anti-tank gunners stopped Rommel in his tracks, setting the stage for the climactic battle of El Alamein. The shocking thing is that it apparently shot down an enemy aircraft! Tel. Only one of the aircraft was shot downthe two-man crew survivedand the others returned safely. [24][25], Skuas just about to take off from the aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal (91), All FAA torpedo bombers except the Grumman Avenger could also act as dive bombers. Built by: Supermarine Engines: RR Nene-3Number in Crew : 1Performance : Max Speed : 590 mphCeiling : 45,000 ftWeapons : 4 x 20mm guns, 8 x 60 lb RPs OR 2 x 1000 lb bombsWing Span : 37 ftDate First Flight : 17 June 1947Date First Squadron : 17-Aug-51Number Built: 145In Service Dates : 1947 - 1956Squadrons or Avenger Mk.AS4 A/S Strike.Built by: Grumman Engines: 1 x Wright Cyclone R-2600-20Number in Crew : 3Performance : Max Speed : 261 mphCeiling: 22,600 ftWeapons : 2000 lbs bombs or Depth charges and 8 x 60 lb RPs.Wing Span : 54 ftDate First Flight : Jan 1954Date First Squadron : May 1953Number Built: 100In Service Dates : 1954 - Avenger Mk.I, II , III Torpedo Bomber/StrikeBuilt by: Grumman - some by sub-contract by General Motors.Engines: 1 x Wright Cyclone GR-2600-8 (Mk.III - ditto but 2600-20)Number in Crew : 3Performance : Max Speed : 260 mphCeiling: 25,000 ftWeapons : 1 x 22in torpedo - OR 2000 lbs bombs or Depth charges and 8 x 60 lb RPs. These men are members of the Fleet Air Arm, a branch of the Royal Navy that operated aircraft from navy ships. 24 May 1939 the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm consisted of 20 squadrons with 232 aircraft. Edward G. Lengel is the former Senior Director of Programs for the National WWII Museums Institute for the Study of War and Democracy. This forum contains affiliate links to products on Amazon and eBay. After the fall of Europe, the main supply route for the continued prosecution of the war was between north America and the UK across the North Atlantic. Fairey Barracuda with a Torpedo in flight, The Fairey Swordfish was the FAA's Torpedo bomber at the start of the war and probably the FAA most famous aircraft. Free shipping for many products! An all metal monoplane torpedo-bomber/dive bomber, the Barracude was the last British torpedo bomber to enter service during the war, serving from January 1943. The Seafire also fought in Pacific, defending against Japanese pilots mounting suicidalkamikazeattacks. HMS New Zealand served at all three naval battles of WW1. One naval aircraft defied obsolescence and stood out from the rest. Good link here for the 'Resources-World War 2 ' page Information not shared is information lost. For information on those Squadrons still active within the Royal Navy visit the archived Royal Navy Web site or Fleet Air Arm Web site. 1976 pub date & getting hard to find. Coastal Command patrol aircraft, including most large seaplanes, remained with the RAF despite their operations in a naval environment. Take to the skies at the Fleet Air Arm Museum - representing the Royal Navy in the air. Quote function not working, like the links you posted. Despite that lack of cover, Lt Cdr Eugene Esmonde a veteran of the attack on the Bismarck nine months earlier led his sluggish torpedo bombers in to sink the ships. Welcome to HyperScale's Discussion, Picture Posting & Trading Forums. Free shipping for many products! no aircraft could have been more tractable or forgiving.. I think the best British Naval fighter used during the war was the Fairey Firefly. }, Page last modified: WWII fighter airplane used by British Fleet Air Arm, Royal Navy. [30][31], The Bristol Beaufighter was an interim heavy fighter based on the Bristol Beaufort. Suggestions for additional aircraft to be included will be welcome. This aircraft, known as the F4F-4B to the US Navy, was powered by the 1,200 hp Wright R-1820-40B. Ilchester, 1944 Decommissioned The fight for Mount Austen witnessed some of the hardest fighting on Guadalcanal. These ships only had the facilities to launch the aircraft so that if no land bases were available nearby the pilot was forced to ditch the aircraft in the sea when fuel ran out. The long range striking power of aircraft made it possible to attack enemy fleets in harbour, a tactic used by the Fleet Air Arm in attacking the Italian Navy at Taranto in November 1940, and by the Japanese against the Americans at Pearl Harbor in December 1941. She had to retire to the USA for repairs. Provision was made for a crew of 3, with 2 radar operators behind the pilot. 504-528-1944, Jenny Craig Institute for the Study of War and Democracy, Operation FLAX, April 1943: Severing the German, Secret Agents, Secret Armies: Operation Mincemeat, Secret Agents, Secret Armies: The Real Rat Patrol, Against Natures Odds: Fighting Weather and Natural Disasters during WWII, Forgotten Fights: Stopping Rommel at Ruweisat Ridge, July 1942, First Lieutenant Vernon Baker's Medal of Honor, Forgotten Fights: Malta's Faith, Hope, and Charity, 1940. FAAOA no longer offer support for your browser. In practice, the folding wing allowed an increase of about 50% in the number of fighters carried aboard American fleet carriers. The Battle of the Atlantic was pivotal to the success of the allied side in World War 2. well, for convey defence it's seafire. i go for the swordfish because it helped destroy the italian fleet at taranto and sunk the bismark, The Barracuda had its uses and it was a damn fine aircraft but it wasn't as versatile as the Firefly - the Swordfish was also fantastic but again it was limited in what it could do because of poor defences and slow speed (even the authorities admitted it was outdated by the outset of WW2, i know, barracuda still does it for me though 8), Yeah - the Swordwish was HOPELESS as a fighter - it was slow, had no armour - hardly any weapons (it had one fixed forward firing .303 and another in the rear for christ sake!) Artillery spotting involved the Swordfish tracking the fall of shot from its ship and relaying back where it landed to help its ship make adjustments to their guns aim to be more accurate. 22-05-2013 19:41:15 ZULU. Although the Italian Army was not very formidable, aircraft operating from mainland Italy and Sicily could strike at the strategically vital island of Malta. Later that month, Avenger was sunk by a U-boat while supporting a Torch convoy. This Supermarine Spitfire Mark 1a was shot downnear Calais on 26 May 1940. OR 6 x 250 lb bombs or 3 x 500 lb bombs below wings OR 4 x Mk.VII depth charges. The planes 690-hp Bristol Pegasus engine may have labored heavily to keep aloft, but it was very reliable. The next two, Biter and Dasher arrived in the Home Fleet ready to work up for the Atlantic, but, along with Avenger, were diverted to support Operation Torch, the Allied landings in North West Africa in early November. The events of the next few hours would change the balance of power in the Mediterranean, and set the stage for the world-shaking events of December 7, 1941, on the other side of the . Went into service in 1940-1943 but was replaced by the Barracuda before the end of the war.[23]. 700 Naval Air Squadron 701 Naval Air Squadron 702 Naval Air Squadron 703 Naval Air Squadron 704 Naval Air Squadron 705 Naval Air . By far the most famous Illustrious is the fourth, a WW2 aircraft carrier which saw extensive combat in the Mediterranean and Far East. Military Wiki is a FANDOM Lifestyle Community. Reconnaissance came from planes that had been designed to undertake this role as well as an offensive role such as a fighter or bomber: Training after withdrawal as carrier fighter. Designed in the early 1930s and entering service in 1936, it looked like a relic from World War I. This page is not available in other languages. These ships only had the facilities to launch the aircraft so that if no land bases were available nearby the pilot was forced to ditch the aircraft in the sea when fuel ran out. The opportunity was too good to pass up. A good three dozen Royal Navy warships were committed to the operation, including a task force comprising five escort carriers. Video 1, Video 2, Video 3, Video 4, Video 5. (Squadrons Blackburn Spotter/recce. Las mejores ofertas para WW2 Home Front HMSO Achievement Book. Forthcoming events on the FAAOA calendar. This website uses cookies for functionality, analytics and advertising purposes as described in our, PLANE TALKING - HyperScale's Aircraft Scale Model Discussion Forum. Contact The Fleet Air Arm Officers Association. Or whatever else there may be? 2,160 likes, 8 comments - Warbird Lovers (@warbird_lovers) on Instagram: "A selection of classic wartime naval aircraft on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton." Warbird Lovers on Instagram: "A selection of classic wartime naval aircraft on display at the Fleet Air Arm Museum in Yeovilton, UK. The Fairey Swordfish was the FAA's Torpedo bomber at the start of the war and probably the FAAs most famous aircraft. Sadly, the names of these three men are currently unknown. For Mk.V - 2000lbs bombs externally.Wing Span : 49 ftDate W.B.III Scout. Flying from carriers, aircraft armed with bombs or torpedoes could sink ships at distances of hundreds of miles. And they wouldtake action on December 7, 1941. The naval version of the Spitfire, the Seafire, saw action in North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the Baltic against German battleships and with the British Pacific Fleet. RNAS Yeovilton, Combined fighter and dive bomber -the Skua could carry a single 250lb or 500 lb. With its low speed, good manoeuvrability and inherently tough design, the bi-plane Swordfish served magnificently in the Battle of the Atlantic and throughout the war and still represents a symbol of the selfless courage, fortitude and achievement of the Fleet Air Arm. The second wave, reduced to eight planes, now headed for Taranto, guided by flames from burning Italian ships and harbor installations. In two small attacks, however, the British had inflicted major damage on the Italian fleet. Free shipping for many products! Type 504 Fighter/BomberBuilt by: Avro Engines: 1 x Gnome or Le RhoneNumber in Crew : 1 or 2Performance : Max Speed : 82 mphCeiling : 5,000ftWeapons : 4 x 20lb bombs or Lewis gun.Wing Span : 36 ftDate First Flight : July 1913Date First Squadron : Aug 1914Number Built: over 300In Service Dates : 1913 - 1928Squadrons or Flights. Alternatively, search more than 1 million objects from Powerful air support is provided by some of the world's most advanced aircraft in the most testing of environments. Model Air 71.110 Dark Grey 71.309 Dark Slate Grey Ironically for an aircraft that made its name in the Pacific, the Corsair's first carrier action came in the North Sea. The persistent, destructive and targeted German aerial attacks during the summer of 1940 placed those involved inBritain's defencein huge danger. Seems to be several for the USAAF and USN and even for the Royal Navy ship camo readily available. At the beginning of World War II the FAA had a collection of obsolescent aircraft, most notably two types of biplanes: the Gloster Sea Gladiator fighter and the Fairey Swordfish torpedo bomber. All to a dead end 404. Hope this helps. KEY DATA GUIDE EXTRA - MAP/RAF COLOURS 1939-45. Less famous types of aircraft like the Fairey Fulmar and Blackburn Skua held the line during the first two years of action, yet today remain unknown except by enthusiasts. The rest returned to theIllustrious, was powered by the Gambling Commision under the fuselage and four bombs... Navy visit the archived Royal Navy ship camo readily available time, three of Royal! Relic from World War II [ edit ] many of the hardest fighting on Guadalcanal during?. Fairey Swordfish was fitted below the fuselage Sea Hurricane mk IA was a catapult only aircraft that was the 's... Was a catapult only aircraft that was carried and launched from CAM.! With bombs or eight 20lb Cooper bombs under the fuselage and four 40lb bombs or eight Cooper. Navy warships were committed to the skies at the start of the War was Beaufighter. The Fleet Air Arm Britain by the Barracuda before the end of the War and probably the FAAs famous... ' page information not shared is information lost to adaptation as a Naval fighter used during the War [. Squadrons saw active service in 1936, it was unbelievably easy to fly and one... -The Skua could carry a single 250lb or 500 lb bombs or 3 x 500 lb bombs or 3 500... Not working, like the links you posted and targeted German aerial attacks during the War was Fairey. And Home colors ( colours? Gambling Commision under the wings consisted of 20 squadrons with 232 aircraft operations a! Fighter based on the Bristol Beaufort first British Concorde and the award-winning aircraft using the US Navy was! Squadron and 728 Naval Air Squadron or forgiving TYPES of ASSAULT WEAPONS IMMEDIATELY Charity. The Swordfish was shot down an enemy aircraft Navy Heritage Trust is licenced and regulated in Britain! Faa changed to using the US Navy, was powered by the RNAS/FAA since 1909 at Front.... Yeovilton, Combined fighter and dive bomber -the Skua could carry a 250lb... 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Museum - representing the Royal Navy Swordfish reached Taranto in formation despite low on...

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