hunger strikes advantages and disadvantages

The implications for doctors dealing with hunger strikers will vary considerably according to the type of fasting involved, and the real purpose behind the refusal to eat. Artsakh MFA, Statement on the 33rd anniversary of the Armenian pogroms in Baku, -Evoca Mobile POS: mPOS. Pressure to deliver within time; The hunger savers have to work under immense pressure such that the food they deliver stays in She was later moved to a different prison. The key aspect here is not the pressure the prisoner hopes to exert by fasting, but rather the despair which generates an unclear cry for help by the only means he or she can think of - a hunger strike. This type of prisoner can be male or female. WebHunger strikes were tolerated but prisoners were released when they became sick. 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Feeling that Tokyo did not give enough guidance to doctors on performing their ethical duties in the event of hunger strikes, they proposed to amend and expand the declaration. Russian opposition activist Lyubov Sobol launched a hunger strike in July 2019 after she was barred from running in an election for Moscow's city legislature. She was forced to end the fast after nine days due to her health. One common interpretation is that force-feeding is viewed as a form of torture, which indeed it may be on occasion. One prison doctor in the Middle East told the author: When such a large number of prisoners" (over 2.000 in this particular case) go on a hunger strike, of course I have to order them to be force-fed to save their lives . Although the reactive refuser may not always necessarily be taken seriously, a certain modus vivendi is usually achieved. Hunger strikes by protesters not actually in custody can take various forms, but are not the issue here. India's Mahatma Gandhi staged several hunger strikes to protest British rule, the longest said to have been 21 days. The phenomenon is known for both its positive and negative impacts. Galaxy Group of Companies and the Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie (UFAR) have entered into a new format of cooperation. Useful information about that can be also found on the Armenian Yoga Federations website. This mistrust was not always unfounded. Indeed, he has no intention whatsoever of taking serious risks with his health. One typical prison doctor made it known early on to hunger-striking prisoners that, because of his profound religious principles, he would not tolerate any prisoner starving himself to death, and would not hesitate to order them to be force-fed at an early stage (in a country of Latin America in the late eighties). WebRecent findings: Overall, intermittent feeding has not been shown to increase glucose variability or gastrointestinal intolerance, two of the reasons continuous feeding is the preferred method. Any such outside intervention was totally unacceptable in the (northern) Irish hunger strikes of 1980 and 1981. What Are the Advantages of Labor Unions? Hunger helps the organism overcome the ordinary monotonous The French, jene de protestation (literally: fasting as a form of protest) is arguably a better general term since it describes more accurately the motives behind the fast rather than the process of carrying it out. Hunger strikers are often criticized for using their physical welfare as an instrument of protest, the (debatable) argument being that this constitutes a form of blackmail. With the increasing number of drone pilots and drones becoming more mainstream, the fun factor of drones is certainly a huge contributing factor to the growth of the industry. M. Oehmichen, ed., Verlag Schmidt-Rmhild, Lbeck, 1998. Speaking to Tert.am, Nona Martirosyan, an endocrinologist, explained the hormonal changes caused by fasting. He was protesting his medical treatment after his personal doctors were not allowed to examine him when he complained of pain in his legs and back. As soon became clear, the hunger strikes in Ulster were deadly serious, with a total of ten prisoners dying over several months. : +49-451-70 31 01 Fax: +49-451-70 31 2 53, The key issue in a hunger strike is that voluntary total fasting should indeed be voluntary. In most cases, there will be no ethical dilemma, as the issue of force-feeding fasting prisoners will not arise. In tolerant systems, they may tax the patience of both the prison authorities and the prison doctor. The prison authorities, and particularly the prison guards, will watch out for any sign of weakness. The involvement of prison doctors in hunger strikes may take different forms, depending on whether the physicians main concern is the welfare of the fasting prisoner or rather the smooth functioning of the prison. Not a noisy extrovert, not the sort of person who makes a nuisance of him or herself, this is a prisoner who tends more to be an eternal loser, the prisoner who finds himself in a hopeless position. What happens to the human body when it doesn't have enough nutrients for such a long period of time? (The masculine gender will be used exclusively from here onwards to lighten the text.) Finally, it will make a case for respecting the informed decision to accept or refuse medical assistance made by prisoners whose fasting is a genuine last resort protest in custodial settings. Disadvantages of Agrarian Culture. On April 6, 2016, she started a "dry" hunger strike, refusing both food and fluids. A long-term fasting totally eliminates the feeling of depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a proctologist and gastroenterologist. In fact the dividing line between conscious protest and the onset of actual depression may be very hard to establish. 16, D-23552 Lbeck, Tel. After 45 days, there is a high risk of death, mostly due to infection or cardiovascular collapse. This may be because of the judicial situation or the prisoners situation in the prison. All these external factors cannot simply be ignored. First, there is no medical reason to force-feed a physically and mentally healthy person who has been fasting for only 10 - 12 days. Hunger-strike, as a form of a political struggle, is quite widely spread in the history of the newly independent Armenia. The reasons for fasting in custody can be extremely varied (Restellini 1989, Johannes Wier Foundation 1995), from protesting against perceived petty offences to higher moral, political or philosophical considerations. Introductory illustration by Carlos Coelho, Edited by Grant Podelco and Coilin O'Connor, Sources: AFP, BBC, Guidelines for the clinical management of people refusing food in immigration removal centers and prisons, Human Rights Watch, The Lancet, U.K.'s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Reuters, media reports. Theyve got themselves convinced that they are noble martyrs to some lofty cause. Others discreetly requested medical assistance, for example in the form of a transfer to the sick-bay, where they could resume nourishment without losing face, since an intervention of this sort from an outside doctor was viewed as acceptable. Such an action is often aimed at protesting prison conditions, achieving a policy change, or bringing attention to a certain case or cause. Since costs tend to grow over time, teams cut budgets instead of looking at costs. It is estimated that if a protester is healthy before going on a hunger strike, and continues to receive fluids, he or she is at risk of dying from malnutrition after six to eight weeks. In fact they rely on the prison doctor to intervene and take any action necessary to keep them in good health. Ever since gaining independence, Armenia has seen numerous other cases of hunger-strikes, including in penitentiary institutions. As hunger strikes often occur among prisoners protesting in countries affected by conflict, ICRC doctors are often confronted with hunger strikers. Lancet 337: 660-662, Peel M (1997) Hunger strikes: Understanding the underlying physiology with help the doctors provide proper advice. Prisoners in such situations may be deprived of the usual forms of protest and judicial safeguards, such as petitions, open letters or simply freedom of expression. Indian activist Irom Sharmila ended her hunger strike in 2016 after refusing food for 16 years -- arguably the longest such fast in the world. Although the Malta Declaration again makes the case against any force-feeding, it also stipulates that doctors should ultimately act for the benefit of their patients. The prison doctors respected the expressed will of the hunger strikers, and force-feeding was not envisaged at any time. Johannes Wier Foundation for Health and Human Rights (1995) Assistance in hunger strikes: a m anual for physicians dealing with hunger strikes. go on a hunger strike, of course I have to order them to be force-fed to save their lives . The case of the Moroccan hunger strikers, described in a report by ICHP (Voguet and Raat 1989), who were repeatedly force-fed over months or even years of continuing hunger strike, lends strong support to this argument. WebStrikes and Lockouts employees in an effort to obtain for the employer more desirable terms. Voguet D, Raat A-M (1989) La faim pour la Justice. Reactive food refusers have been said to give hunger strikes a bad name (to quote a prison director in an Anglo-Saxon prison system), in that ultimately their strikes are not taken seriously, and prison doctors find their empathy severely taxed when they are confronted repeatedly with such patients, who are usually very demanding. Certainly not. Although some doctors would even argue for a case of acute and severe depression, it can be claimed that not all suicides are necessarily to be medicalized.) It is mostly used by those who have no other form of protest available -- usually prisoners. Knowing the actual determination of the strikers is also essential, as the medical consequences of a hunger strike will differ according to how seriously the strike is taken. His first civics lesson? ), gastro-intestinal disorders (gastritis, ulcers, etc.) Before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is first of all necessary to define the very different situations involved. All prisoners who " refuse food are not always genuine hunger strikers, but may take up voluntary total fasting for a variety of reasons. The clear-cut case of a politically motivated hunger striker is different. If refusing fluids, too, death can come after one week. It is essential for doctors working with prisoners to establish a relationship of trust with any hunger striking patients, so as to be able to act in their best interest. Whatever the situation, doctors will invariably be involved one way or another, and it is therefore essential that they are familiar with the relevant issues. Sadly, there are also some cons to this solution. (Outside doctors have published their observations following the end of the strike in Turkish medical publications: see Forensic Sciences meeting in Antalya, Turkey, 1995. The ban on force-feeding relates to the background to the declaration, i.e. Although this may be true in very politicized contexts, experience shows that there may be misunderstanding and intransigence in the relationship between the parties. Pressure from families may have opposite results, a family sometimes urging the doctor to put a medical end to the strike, or conversely insisting that a prisoners decision to fast should not be undermined by any medical meddling. When analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, it is important to recognize that persistent hunger benefits some people. A current study investigating the effect of intermittent vs. continuous feeding is awaited to provide insight into the effect of muscle wasting. While online marketing and promotional strategies do level the playing field to some extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts. In the authors experience, many a hunger striker has been convinced to stop fasting just by explaining that his underlying gastritis could lead to a perforated ulcer and consequently a dramatic end to the hunger strike. While the loss of muscle mass may be significant, a person usually dies because of an infection or organ failure. Consciously or subconsciously, according to context, culture and intellect, he will expect to be taken care of long before there is any danger to his health from fasting. Extract from the publication "Maltreatment and Torture", in the series Research in Legal Medicine - Volume 19 / Rechtsmedizinische Forschungsergebnisse - Band 19. In some countries, militant prisoner leaders sometimes forced individuals to go on a serious fast and thereby make various demands for the group as a whole. For doctors working with prisoners or within a prison service, there is also the question of medical monitoring of fasting prisoners, and ultimately - albeit rarely - the issue of medical intervention to stop a hunger strike, mainly by force-feeding. The above-mentioned examples and other recent ones involve extreme cases of protest fasting with drastic consequences for the health of those concerned. This type of food refuser may indeed decline to take food for some time. They must be taken into due consideration by any doctor who deals with the hunger strikers. Doctors should never be party to actual coercive feeding, with prisoners being tied down and intravenous drips or oesophageal tubes being forced into them. She later said that, in an attempt to turn other prisoners against her, prison officials locked inmates in their rooms and restricted their movement. (The black-and-white case often cited here is that of a general, found guilty of treason, who prefers to blow his brains out rather than face a shameful court-martial. Physicians are duty-bound to care for their patients, and this includes hunger- striking prisoners, against the background of trust established in a true doctor-patient relationship. preventing post-injury complications is a goal for partner organizations, JTI awarded Global Top Employer for the 9th consecutive year, Changes have been applied to the monthly fees of the Level Up prepaid tariff plans of the Ucom mobile services, Ameriabank has provided business loans totaling over AMD 14 billion to the renewable energy sector, Targeted support is in the spotlight of Viva-MTS, Converse Bank receives its second award this year, The European Union and Viva-MTS join forces with Catalyst Foundation to support Armenian Tech Entrepreneurs. Many prisoners who refuse food are not really hunger strikers, and have no intention of endangering their health. It should hardly be necessary to state that any form of religious fasting clearly has nothing to do with hunger strikes. Fasting in such cases may become the only means of protesting against, or demanding attention from, the authorities. A prisoner who personally would not have wanted to take up fasting may have been volunteered by the group leadership. Hunger strikes or cases of voluntary total fasting - to use the more explicit term - are regularly reported in many countries around the world. He demanded the release of all Ukrainian political prisoners being held in Russia. If such prisoners went on a hunger strike, doctors would not be compelled to force-feed or resuscitate them, thereby making them fit enough to go back to the torture chamber. It may include liver dysfunction, heart arrhythmia, and pulmonary, neurological, or other symptoms. November 30, 2021. 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