america poem by william cullen bryant summary

Yet I tame myself to its labors as well as I can, and have endeavoured to discharge with punctuality and attention such of the duties of my profession as I was capable of performing. People. The renewal of his French had nearly immediate application: for the July issue of, As both an American poet respected by Europe and an editor at the center of New York Citys cultural renaissance, Bryant found himself called upon to play the role of prophet. In addition to liberal economic policies that included free trade, support for labor to organize, opposition to monopolies, pro-immigrant policies, and low interest rates, he consistently stood for resistance to the spread of slavery. Though unconvinced that he was suited to sitting in judgment on books, Bryant applied himself to the task most creditably; however, the second parti.e., the magazine, with its store of original workspresented more of a problem. Bryant was glad for his election and appointment to several minor political offices, including a seven-year term as justice of the peace for Berkshire County, to supplement his income as an attorney, but his grudging concessions to his profession would not subside. The first number appeared in October 1826; a year later, despite infusions of Bryants poems and another tale, this journal, too, collapsed. The Boston coterie that had contrived for Bryants appearance seized the moment. Thanatopsis made its author, Willian Cullen Bryant, one of the most notable American poets of the nineteenth century. Only 31 when he presented his lectures, Bryant seemed the best candidate to realize the future he described, but a job he believed temporary and supplementary when he began it in July ordained a different course. The renewal of his French had nearly immediate application: for the July issue of The New-York Review, Bryant not only wrote a long essay reviewing a new edition of Jehan de Nostre Dames 1575 work on the troubadour poets but also translated Provenal poetry to accompany the critical evaluation. William Cullen Bryants reserve and his guarded nature throughout life undoubtedly were schooled by the familial constraints of his one home until he departed to practice law at 22. Alas, Sir, the Muse was my first love and the remains of that passion which not rooted out yet chilled into extinction will always I fear cause me to look coldly on the severe beauties of Themis. Perhaps the most persuasive motives, however, had to do with his reaction to Great Barrington. The poem, an ode to death, highlights key features of both the Romantic. Despite the haste of its composition, The Talisman for 1828 was well received, and the collaborators, who now formed the nucleus of the Sketch Club (also known as Twenty-One, for the number of members), developed a successor for 1829this volume to accommodate other club members and to feature art work. To see Bryant in the 1820s as having to choose between poetry on the one hand and journalistic politics on the other, however, is to imply too stark a divide. Background Information. Preoccupation with the conduct of his law office may not have been the only impediment. For several anxious months, he had been making plans with a Boston editor to create an extension of the Literary Gazette, to be called The United States Review, and to merge it with a vestigial New-York Review. Then, in September 1824, an appellate court reversed a judgment he had won for his client; outraged that a piece of pure chicane should triumph over the merits of the case, he decided to quit the law. In 1807, President Jefferson led his Congressional followers to pass the Embargo Act, deepening the young nations bitter division by party and region. Whether because Squire Snells relative affluence provoked the young husband to overreach when he saw an opportunity to become wealthy, or because his efforts to build a practice were failing, he joined in a risky business speculation and lost everything, including the humble, roughly-hewn cabin in which he had installed his wife and two infant children. But in 1836, when the Harper brothers took Bryant into their publishing house, he was a most valuable asset. (During the same months of the poems composition, Bryant contributed five hymns to the Unitarian Society of Massachusetts for its new hymnal. The elder dames, thy haughty peers, Admire and hate thy blooming years. And because the, That Bryant offered no new composition, despite exceptional encouragement from the, Marriage in January 1821 to Francis Fairchild, the girl for whom he had written Oh Fairest of the Rural Maids, lifted his sorrow, and a year later, almost to the day, Fanny presented him with a daughter, who was given her mothers name. The dispute taxed the editor, as did the managerial problems inherent in the doubling of the newspapers circulation during the war years. The son of a learned and highly respected physician, Bryant was exposed to English poetry in his father's vast library. The newspapers demands on Bryants attention and energy during the 1830s had left none of either for poetry, but once the Evening Post was again profitable, he resumed writing verse. The observations of plants and flowers, of birds and sky, and of brooks and rolling fields that occupy so much of his verse were trained by the boys delight in investigating his surroundings. Free shipping for many products! On returning home to close his office in Great Barrington, he saw Charles, who reported to his brother Henry in New York that every muscle of his face teemed with happiness. Young Cullen, a captive of both his fathers politics and his enthusiasm for Augustan poetry, fused the two in scathing verse. . One other travel book, Letters of a Traveller, Second Series, was set in motion by a penultimate trip to Europe, begun in 1857 when Bryant was exhausted after his efforts for the Frmont presidential campaign and fearful that the issue of slavery would rip his nation apart. Immediately prior to his move to the city, the, Only 31 when he presented his lectures, Bryant seemed the best candidate to realize the future he described, but a job he believed temporary and supplementary when he began it in July ordained a different course. Bryant was glad for his election and appointment to several minor political offices, including a seven-year term as justice of the peace for Berkshire County, to supplement his income as an attorney, but his grudging concessions to his profession would not subside. Friendship with the Sedgwick family of nearby Stockbridge increased that disaffection. Translation, he explained, well suited careful old men. Lo! The fame he won as a poet while in his youth remained with him as he entered his 80s; only Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Ralph Waldo Emersonwere his rivals in popularity over the course of his life. William Cullen Bryant was born near Cummington, Massachusetts, on November 3, 1794. For on thy cheeks the glow is spread Remembering the encounter many years later, he claimed he heard Nature for the first time speak with a dynamic authenticity: Wordsworths language suddenly gushed like a thousand springs. Quite probably, though, Wordsworths full effect did not hit until some time after Bryant had begun studying law in Worthington. Even so, these were private delights, not steps in a literary career directed toward public acclaim. Even so, he was too much the product of his caste to ignore practical exigency: before the end of the school year, he committed himself to a legal career and strove to relegate literature to an ancillary role in his life. His celebrity was a rival to both Longfellow and Emerson whilst he was still in his youth. Written by Timothy Sexton "The Father of American Song" produced his first volume of poetry in 1821. Peter Bryant, like his father before him, had chosen a career in medicine, and he became an early exponent of homeopathy; his passionate preference, however, was for the artsfor music and, particularly, poetry. Dr. Bryant embraced the pro-British partys position, especially because his rationalist creed induced him to see menace in the embargo: an impoverished New York and New England, he feared, would be prey to Jacobin mob rule. When the elder Bryants legislative duties took him to Boston, he became acquainted with the writings of William Ellery Channing and other early Unitarians and found them persuasive; although he continued to attend the Congregational church in Cummington, he refused to give public assent to Trinitarian liturgy, and a few years later he joined the Unitarian church. For on thy cheeks the glow is spread Phillips in turn conveyed them to the journals staff, which immediately perceived a remarkably gifted new American voiceindeed, Richard Henry Dana is reputed to have declared, in astonishment, Ah, Phillips, you have been imposed upon; no one on this side of the Atlantic is capable of writing such verses.. Unlike its models, which were miscellanies by various authors, The Talisman would be entirely attributed to a single writer, Francis Herbertin fact, a pseudonym for the three friends, each of whom assumed responsibility for about a third of the annuals pages while also participating in the work of the others. Two decades later, his final collection of new poems would prove a still duller echo of what was once genius. Bryant was an American poet and editor of the Evening Post. A vow of abstinence for the sake of the law, however, only stoked his desire to test his powers within the new possibilities Wordsworth had shown. I have also selected two sonnets for which to compare to Bryant's. Then, in December 1823, came a bolt from the blue: Theophilus Parsons, the founding editor of The United States Literary Gazette, asked that he contribute ten or twenty pieces of poetry, thereby joining most of the best writers in Boston in the new venture. Too much of what he wrote to quota reflects an impulse to supply appropriate embellishment for the magazines upcoming number: e.g., March, November, Autumn Woods, Summer Wind. At times, the result is inspired, but in general the quality is mixed, and often an arresting image or a felicitous line leads into a clich or a merely convenient rhyme. In this poem, Bryant praises America as the "mother of a mighty race," claiming that free Americans are now going to create major impact on the world with their new independence. In fact, such poetic glories as he feared would smother under the workaday routine were in gestation. Immediately prior to his move to the city, the North American Review had published his article about Catharine Sedgwicks Redwood. Just as the literati associated with the North American Review had, however briefly, helped make Boston the nations intellectual center, Bryant, as much as any other single figure, shifted that focus to New York. Two years later, Bryant and Leupp were again off for Liverpool, then wended south through Paris, Genoa, and Naples before arriving in Egypt for a four-month exploration of the cities of the Ottoman Empire. Although no document records the moment Bryant took control of the papers editorial page, it is almost certainly marked by a sudden change to carefully reasoned briefs against high tariffs. In 1846, John Bigelow filled that need, and in 1848 he became a partner in the firm. Shortly after Bryant returned in the fall of 1849, his old friend Dana urged him to collect the 15 years of letters from his travels he had sent to the Evening Post. Whichever date one might prefer, however, the poem attests that its author was engaged in a daring effort to stare into the abyss and courageously pronounce his creed. 1821, however, was its ideal moment. Carefully reasoned and balanced, these pronouncements warrant comparison with Emersons The American Scholar of a decade later as a charter for national literary achievement. As editor of the Evening Post, he remained true to that conviction, leading his readership in the direction of the Free Soil Party, and when that movement joined the amalgam that constituted the new Republican Party, Bryant and the Evening Post were among the most energetic and outspoken voices for its first Presidential candidate, John Frmont. Stanley Brodwin and Michael D'Innocento, eds., Bernard Duffey, "Romantic Coherence and Romantic Incoherence in American Poetry,". Once again, he served as an extension of his father. Writing poetry at a steady pace for the, A visit to Robert Sedgwick in New York almost a half year before the obnoxious court ruling had, in fact, already waked thoughts of departing from the Berkshires. The direct language Blair marshals into blank verse pointed the way of Bryants development; still more attractive was Blairs emphasis on acceptance of deaths inevitability and overcoming the fear of extinction. Even To (subsequently retitled Consumption)a sonnet composed in 1824 while his most beloved sibling, Sarah, lay dyingspoils a tender, personal expression of despair with a trite rhyme in a banal last line. To palliate his loss, Bryant made a last trip to Europe, taking Julia along. A second essay, On the Use of Trisyllabic Feet in Iambic Verse, published in September 1819, reworked material possibly first drafted when he was 16 or 17 and trying to shake free of Popes Neoclassical cadence; even so, it did much to bolster his credentials as a scholar of metrics. A Walk at Sunset, though it fails to realize at the end the extended meaning it has implicitly promised, reveals Bryants evolving interest in the cycles of civilization, and particularly in the bearing of the Indian past on white American identity. Seeing that one group of poems bore titles while the rest, in Dr. Bryants hand, bore none, the editors inferred that the latter constituted a single poem about deathto which one of them, drawing on his Greek, affixed the descriptive title Thanatopsis. This sutured and misattributed version impressed the editors as the best of the submissions, but those identified as the sons from the start were also very well regarded. A visit to Robert Sedgwick in New York almost a half year before the obnoxious court ruling had, in fact, already waked thoughts of departing from the Berkshires. He was the second son of doctor and state legislator Peter Bryant and his wife Sarah Snell, whose ancestors were passengers on the Mayflower.. At thirteen, Bryant wrote "The Embargo," a satirical poem calling for the resignation of President Thomas Jefferson. . For the most part, the decades after he took a step back from the burdensome tasks of running the Evening Post were ceded not to poetry but to travel and the offices of a cultural elder. When Peter Bryant, elected as representative to the state legislature in 1806, conveyed the political passions of Boston in his letters and his trips home to Cummington, Cullen absorbed the excitement, styling his juvenile understanding according to the fathers Federalist partisanship. Alexander Hamilton had founded the, In October, despite Bryants commitment to lead, To see Bryant in the 1820s as having to choose between poetry on the one hand and journalistic politics on the other, however, is to imply too stark a divide. In Thomas Cole, whom he had also first encountered through the Sedgwicks, he found a kindred spirit, and he made common cause with the other artists at The Lunch: Asher Durand, Henry Inman, John Wesley Jarvis, and John Vanderlyn. Beginning with patriotic invocation of the Revolution and concluding with a charge to Keep bright mansions ever in our eyes, / Press towrds the mark and seize the glorious prize, it rapidly became a standard selection for school recitations in the region. 2.4 Main works Discourse on the Life, Character and Writings of Gulian Crommelin Verplanck (English) (as Author) Letters of a Traveller Notes of Things Seen in . Acquaintance with the famed Cuban poet Jos Maria Hrdia led him to learn Spanish and study Spanish literature, as well as to translate Hrdias poems into English. Copied June 28 1875. As 1833 was closing, he looked forward to a respite in Europe with his family, and he began arranging for his friend Leggett to fill in for him at the Evening Post. (Their correspondence regarding this matter initiated a close friendship that would last for the rest of their lives). Except for Benjamin Franklin, no American writer had managed to support himself and his family with his pen, however meanly, and verse was patently an occupation for idlers. The financial prospect with the Evening Post was alluring: Bryant bought a share of the paper and later added to his portion of ownership, confident it would make his fortuneas indeed it eventually did. Ambitiously intended as a national publication, to be issued simultaneously in Boston and New York, it lost its first coeditor almost at once, and his successor, a Classics scholar working as a librarian at Harvard, quickly proved that the relationship with his partner in New York would not run smoothly. Bryants belief in his grandfathers God had been deteriorating since before he attended Williams, where reactionary religious discipline was failing to repress forceful liberal currents. C By spring, The Embargo; or, Sketches of the Times, A Satire, by a Youth of Thirteen, The young man made swift progress. The Northampton Hampshire Gazette had published several of his poems, including a 54 line exhortation to his schoolmates he had drafted three years earlier. Young Cullen, a captive of both his fathers politics and his enthusiasm for Augustan poetry, fused the two in scathing verse. America poems by famous poets and best america poems to feel good. Resuming the European journey that had been interrupted by Leggetts debacle in 1836, Bryant returned to Europe in 1845. That plan, too, proved ill-starred: the French stopped the ship at sea and Dr. Bryant was interned for almost a year in Mauritius. Young Cullen first learned meter and poetry through the hymns of, The more compelling influence on Cullens mental development, however, came from his father, a man of curtailed ambitions who aspired to being a citizen of a society well beyond Cummingtons horizons. William Cullen Bryant was born on Nov. 3, 1794, in Cummington, Mass. An American Creed by Everard Jack Appleton. Instead, he turned once again to writing poetry, both to work through his discomfiture and to compensate for it. Young Cullen first learned meter and poetry through the hymns of Isaac Watts, and he found an outlet for a love of language by constructing a makeshift pulpit of the parlor furniture from which he delivered sermons in imitation of what he heard at church. Just as the literati associated with the, At the end of 1827, after the demise of the, That Bryant never wrote another tale is conventionally attributed to lack of seriousness about the genre and to the poor quality of his efforts. Conscious of the need to adapt to the demands of the role he was determined to play successfully, he fought to overcome his inhibitions in public speaking and to cultivate the trust of potential clients. With words of shame And taunts of scorn they join thy name. William Cullen Bryant (November 3, 1794 - June 12, 1878) was an American romantic poet, journalist, and long-time editor of the New York Evening Post. [1] Background [ edit] A painting of William Cullen Bryant from 1878 William Cullen Bryant was born in 1794 in Cummington, Massachusetts. America by Walt Whitman. Browse, borrow, and enjoy titles from the Southern California Digital Library digital collection. The prodigy who had written The Embargo and imitated the Classical writers was a skillful mimic of a mechanical concept of verse. Besides Hillhouse and Cooper, they included the brilliant conversationalist Robert Sands, whose long poem Yamoyden (1820) had begun the vogue for Indian subjects; the darling poet of the moment, Fitz-Greene Halleck; the estimable Knickerbocker and Congressman Gulian Verplanck; and James Kirke Paulding, who had recently published the satirical novel Koningsmarke (1823) and was the foremost advocate of a national literature. Dr. Bryants notion that his dream of becoming a poet might find fulfillment in his son furnished a second, and psychologically more powerful, motive. A preamble of sorts raises Bryants familiar questions about the meaning of mortality and obliquely alludes to his fathers deaththe echoes of Hymn to Death are quite distinctbut then, after a transition recognizing change as the way of all nature, the poem chronicles the march of civilization, age by age, to the discovery of the New World and Americas realization of historys purpose. For on thy cheeks the glow is spread When he reached into his file and submitted The Yellow Violet, Channing felt compelled to reject it because, without worthy companion pieces, it was too short to justify a poetry department. A rivalry between Edwin Forrest, a great American Shakespearean actor (and an intimate friend of Bryant) and an equally celebrated English tragedian attracted a mob, determined to drive the foreigner from his theater; this was bad enough, but then police and a unit of militia fired their guns into the mob, creating a massacre. The arrangement made possible some separation of the two households, but friction between the generations and their fundamentally different attitudes toward the world endured. Later that same year, Bryant left his desk at the Evening Post to travel, first to Washington, then, after swinging through the upper South, to Illinois. WILLIAM CULLEN BRYANT (1794-1878), "Thanatopsis," North American Review and Miscellaneous Journal, September 1817, Volume V, Number XV | Forgotten Chapters of Boston's Literary History Free photo gallery. By William Cullen Bryant. Proclaimed by James Fenimore Cooper to be "the author of America," William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) was one of nineteenth-century America's foremost poets and public intellectuals. The elder dames, thy haughty peers, Admire and hate thy blooming years. It had grown obvious to Bryant that, if he wished to be free to travel, he would have to look elsewhere for a trustworthy assistant. This shift in attention was not altogether unhappy. Upon his return to New York, however, he again had to deal with a problem at the Evening Post. The Legend of the Devils Pulpit, probably suggested by Sands, has a rather flawed plot, but there is a sprightliness to the lampooning of local figures that appealed to readers. Once again, he served as an extension of his father. Bryant himself, despite his lessening regard for it in later years, continued to acknowledge its position in his publics affection by always placing it first in the six collections of his poems issued in his lifetime. Weeks later, the bride lay dying, and the groom again asked that your lyre not be silent; when she died in July, Bryant composed the first of his cluster of funereal poetry. He had barely blotted Translation from Horace. Two of the Literary Gazette poems are rhymed: Rizpah, a Bible story in the vein of Greek tragedy, which Poe disparaged for the poets frisky indulgence in a rhythm singularly ill-adapted to the lamentations of the bereaved mother; and Mutation, a sonnet about the need to let agony pass and to accept death as a function of constant change. Glories as he feared would smother under the workaday routine were in gestation,... 3, 1794 in 1836, Bryant made a last trip to Europe, taking Julia along writers... And Michael D'Innocento, eds., Bernard Duffey, `` Romantic Coherence Romantic. The most persuasive motives, however, he turned once again, turned! In 1821 in 1846, John Bigelow filled that need, and in 1848 he became partner. 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