methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols

177 Views Answer Charge: The lyophilic sols can be positively, negatively, or neutrally charged, whereas the charge of lyophobic sols can be positive or negative. Get all the important information related to the NEET UG Examination including the process of application, important calendar dates, eligibility criteria, exam centers etc. These kinds of colloidal solutions always carry some charge on them. The formation of a sol is quicker if the water heats at 100C. We also learn the importance of XeF6 molecular geometry and bond angles importance and much more about the topic in detail. Coagulation by mixing two oppositely charged sols: This type of coagulation involves mixing equal numbers of oppositely charged particles, which cancel out their charges and precipitate. Colloidal solution coagulation is defined as the coagulation of a colloidal solution. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) If by any chance we can remove the charge present on the sol, the particles get closer to each other, and they accumulate to form aggregates and precipitate under the action of gravity. The investigation of haemostasis is aimed to replicate normal blood coagulation in the laboratory. Examples of lyophilic sols can be the colloidal solution of starch, gum, gelatin, etc. Rates of aggregation of dodecane-in-water (d/w) nanoemulsions stabilized with 7.5 mM sodium dodecylsulfate<br> (SDS) are evaluated beyond 500 mM NaCl. Lyophobic sols require different methods of preparation, such as chemical methods, physical disintegration methods, condensation methods, etc. If the charge is removed, they come together and are precipitated. Pseudo-polynomial Algorithms Polynomial Time Approximation Scheme A Time Complexity Question Searching Algorithms Sorting Algorithms Graph Algorithms Pattern Searching Geometric Algorithms Mathematical Bitwise Algorithms Randomized Algorithms Greedy Algorithms Dynamic Programming Divide and Conquer Backtracking Branch and Bound All Algorithms Let us learn about the molecule XeF2, its molecular geometry and bond examples, and XeF2 Lewis structure. Which of the following is not a method for coagulation of lyophobic sols? Lyophobic sols are irreversible. Method by which lyophobic sol can be protected. Question 11. PubMedGoogle Scholar, BUTLER, J. The coagulation of a negatively charged sol (As2S3)is done by adding a positively charged colloid. Students (upto class 10+2) preparing for All Government Exams, CBSE Board Exam, ICSE Board Exam, State Board Exam, JEE (Mains+Advance) and NEET can ask questions from any subject and get quick answers by subject teachers/ experts/mentors/students. Answered by admin @ 24/08/2021. tcat hohenwald academic calendar; medford parks and recreation classes; similarities between assessment for learning and assessment as learning; why does helena want to be like hermia? As a result, the amended law will be as follows: The larger the polarising strength of the flocculation ion, the greater its ability to precipitate. Weve got your back. Beside above,what is meant by coagulation of a colloidal solution name any method by which coagulation of lyophobic sol can be carried out? Ans: The stability of colloidal sols is calculated by the charge existing on t Ans: Coagulation value is the amount of electrolytes added to 1 litre of collo Ans: According to The Hardy Schulze rule, the amount of electrolyte required t Ans: On the basis of the polarising force of the flocculating ion inducing pre Access free live classes and tests on the app. What is meant by coagulation of a colloidal solution? e. g. Lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. The Practical paper carries 30 marks (15 for practical . The coagulating ions are the ions of electrolyte which carry the opposite charge of the colloidal particles. When an excess of an electrolyte is added to a sol, oppositely charged ions of electrolyte removes the charged on sol particles. The simplest description, which holds for monovalent salts at low concentrations, is the Gouy-Chapman solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, which yields that the resulting electrostatic potential decays exponentially with the distance from the colloid. This is the main cause of the stability of colloids. The ion carrying the charge responsible for coagulation is called a flocculating ion. The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out by. Gum Sol: Gum Sol is a lyophilic sol with water. . Methods of Coagulation of Lyophobic Sols: By Mutual Coagulation or Meteral Coagulation: If two sols of opposite charge are mixed together, their charges are mutually neutralised and both sols get coagulated. 06 September 2018, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout, You can also search for this author in volume162,pages 315316 (1948)Cite this article. The charge present on the colloidal sols determines their stability. 2014 Mar;40(2):186-94. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1364186. answered Apr 26, 2018 by santoshjha (143k points) selected Apr 30, 2018 by Vikash Kumar . Coagulation is inversely proportional to coagulating value, hence the order of coagulating power of cations for negatively charged sols is Coagulation 1/ Coagulating value. Ans: Peptisation is a method of disintegration used in the preparation of lyophobic sols. Your email address will not be published. Colloids exhibit some special properties. It leads to coagulation. In this unit you will learn to prepare both the types of sols. Lyophilic sols are more stable than lyophobic sols. no artificial methods are used). Disintegration or dispersion methods: These methods include some physical techniques (to reduce particle size to the size of colloidal particles, i.e., between 1nm to 1000nm) such as: Electrical disintegration [Bredigs arc method] used for preparing colloidal sols of metals. Name any method by which coagulation of lyophobic sols can be carried out. Thus the charge on the colloidal particles is neutralized. 7. web apr 1 2016 all of the above can be explained by the principles and methods of colloid and surface . Electrophoresis: In this process, colloidal particles are pushed towards oppositely charged particles, then discharged and collected at the bottom. Preparation of one lyophilic and one lyophobic sol. and JavaScript. As the word suggests, lyophilic means water loving or solvent loving. There is a strong attraction between the dispersion medium and the dispersed phase in lyophilic sols. 27 January 2023, Nature Communications and transmitted securely. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Name two methods by which a lyophobic Sol can be coagulate, [tex]\huge{\underline{\underline{\tt{\pink{Q} \orange{u}\red{e}\green{s}\purple{t} \pink{i}\red{o}\orange{n}\blue{:}}}}}[/tex] define the terms compou Mechanical dispersion method is used in preparing sols of indigo, sulphur, printer ink, toothpaste, ointments, etc. The well-known phenomenon of coagulation of these sols by comparatively small concentrations of electrolytes suggested that their stability was connected with their electric charges. The laboratory needs a quality management plan, to perform internal quality control and participate in an external quality assurance program. (1) By electrophoresis: In electrophoresis the colloidal particles move towards oppositely charged electrode. Similarly, the dispersion medium particles due to increase in kinetic energy disturb the surface layer of adsorbed charge. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Bozo Tezak, E. Matijevic, K. Shulz, M. Mirnik, J. Herak, . Lyophobic sols cannot be prepared by the simple formation of substances like lyophilic sols. Lyophobic sol - aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide, arsenious sulphide. The smaller the flocculation value, the higher will be the coagulation power of the ion. Put your understanding of this concept to test by answering a few MCQs. By persistent dialysis: Under persistent dialysis parts of electrolytes are removed completely and the sol loses its stability and ultimately coagulates. Under the influence of an electric field, sol particles move to the electrode where they get discharged as a neutral particle. , (a) write electronic configuration of cr, cu, fe 3 and s2 -, _________means gaining or lossing electrons. 4. Pp. Distinguish between Lyophobic and Lyophilic sols. Simply by shaking, heating or mixing can form lyophilic sols. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Describe briefly any three methods by which coagulation of lyophobic sols can be carried out. Metals, their sulphides, and other substances cannot simply be mixed with the dispersion medium to generate a colloidal solution. When these come in contact with the electrode for long these are discharged and precipitated. (1) By electrophoresis: In electrophoresis, the colloidal particles move towards the oppositely charged electrode. However, there is less affinity between the two phases in lyophobic sols, and therefore, the preparation of the lyophobic colloids requires the distinct methods discussed below . This process of accumulation and settling down of particles is further known as coagulation or precipitation. These sols are relatively less stable than lyophilic sols. Persistent dialysis: Parts of electrolytes are fully eliminated during persistent dialysis, causing the sol to lose its stability and eventually coagulate. An official website of the United States government. The lyophobic and lyophilic sols difference in the interaction of the two phases also leads to varied preparation methods. Name any one method by which coagulation of a lyophobic sol can be carried out. The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out by following methods. Protective material used prevents particles from coagulation. The oxidized cat-clay material has, with very few exceptions, a p H below 4.5. Coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out in the following ways. (i) By addition of oppositely charged sol. G. If by any chance we can remove the charge present on the sol, the particles get closer to each other, and they accumulate to form aggregates and precipitate under the action of gravity. The repulsion forces between the charged particles do not allow them to settle. The Chemistry section for JEE Main will assess you on the theory-based questions. Positively charged sols ii. There are a number of different methods employed including clot-based coagulation tests, chromogenic assays, immunological tests, and aggregation studies. Lyophilic solution -neutral and stable as most of lyophilic sols are neutral.Large amount of electrolytes are required to coagulate these sols. The decomposition reaction of ammonia gas on platinum surface has a rate constant = 2.5 x. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. 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Some special methods are used to make their colloidal solutions. (1) Prevention from coagulation (2) Precipitation (3) Emulsion (4) Electrophoresis Answer (1) Sol. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Know about colloids, their classification into lyophilic colloids and lyophobic colloids, and the difference between lyophilic colloids and lyophobic colloids with examples. What is ment by coagulation of colloidal solution ? As a result, the electrolyte is added to the sol to neutralise the charge and settle the particles, causing coagulation or precipitation. Conclusion Sols are the heterogeneous mixture of two phases wherein one phase is dispersed phase (particles) and another phase is the dispersal medium (liquid). : types of colloids - sols - Lyophilic sols and lyophobic sols - properties of colloids - optical property (Tyndall effect) - kinetic property (Brownian movement) - Electrical properties like electrical double layer, zeta potential, electrophoresis and electro-osmosis - stability of colloids - Coagulation - protective colloids . (New York and Amsterdam : Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc. ; London : Cleaver-Hume Press, Ltd., 1948.) Protective colloids are lyophilic colloids used in this application. Lyophobic sols such as those of metals (e.g. One of the key subjects in class 12, especially for the science stream students . Synthetic resin method Answer (4) Sol. Colloids are in the middle of the suspension and solution spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1038/162315b0. . Some special methods are used to make their colloidal solutions. Welcome to Sarthaks eConnect: A unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries. As a result, they are more easily coagulated. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Welcome to Sarthaks eConnect: A unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries. . 62. Coagulation of sols Coagulation or flocculation is the precipitation of dispersed phase through induced aggregation Methods - Persistent electrophoresis - Persistent dialysis - Addition of . The process of particles aggregating and settling down is known as coagulation or precipitation. School Trident Technical College; Course Title CHEM 101; Uploaded By stanmani. Examples of lyophobic sols are Arsenious Sulphide Sol, Aluminium Hydroxide Sol, Ferric Hydroxide Sol, etc. The EDL force has . Coagulation of lyophilic sols: The stability of lyophilic sols can be attributed to two causes. Internet Explorer). Their colloidal sols can only be prepared by specific methods. This form of colloidal solution always has a charge linked to it. lyophobic. Example: Fe (OH) 3 (+ve sol) + As 2 S 3 (- ve sol) Precipitate By heating: When the previous two conditions are abolished, only lyophilic sols can be coagulated. Fiber coalescence is an economical and effective technology for the treatment of oily wastewater. So the order of coagulating power of anion for positively charged sol Fe(OH)3. , (a) write electronic configuration of cr, cu, fe 3 and s2 -, _________means gaining or lossing electrons. 2) Discuss the electrical properties of the sols. Method(s) for coagulation of lyophobic sols include: Which method cannot be used for the coagulation of the lyophobic sol? Here is your answer; Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (ii) By addition of an electrolyte. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Write the main reason for the stability of colloidal sols. They are also called extrinsic colloids. The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out by the following methods. This article gives you an insight into the zoological parks, the advantages and disadvantages of zoos and much more. Ans: Sols prepared using special methods contain impurities and therefore undergo a purification process in the prep Ans: Examples of lyophilic sols are starch, rubber, glue, gum, gelatin, egg albumin sols, etc. The popular method to calculate the EDL force is to integrate the electric potential and Maxwell stress along the boundary enclosing a simply connected domain within which a clay particle resides. As the value of the critical coagulation concentration depends to some extent on the experimental circumstances (method of mixing, time between mixing and determining . 206 Views Answer Discuss the effect of pressure and temperature on the adsorption of gases on solids. A lyophilic sol can be coagulated when these two components are removed. Today automated machines are designed to be ab The dispersed phase in lyophilic sols does not readily precipitate. By boiling: Whenever we boil a sol, the molecules of the dispersion medium start colliding with each other and with the surface, this, in turn, disturbs the adsorption layer. Lyophilic sols are more stable than the lyophobic sols. lyophobic . It is the scientific study of all of the species of the animal kingdom as a whole, including humans. 1) Compare "in a table" between lyophilic and lyophobic sols. 3. , [tex]\huge{\underline{\underline{\tt{\pink{Q} \orange{u}\red{e}\green{s}\purple{t} \pink{i}\red{o}\orange{n}\blue{:}}}}}[/tex]what is the meaning of t cbse; class-12; Share It On Facebook Twitter Email. In this paper, the microscopic coalescence process of salt droplets on the fiber is studied using a high-speed camera and PIV, and the effect of salt on hydrodynamics and morphological evolution is discussed. As a result, the electrolyte is added to the sol to neutralise the charge and settle the particles, causing coagulation or precipitation. [tex]\huge{\underline{\underline{\tt{\pink{Q} \orange{u}\red{e}\green{s}\purple{t} \pink{i}\red{o}\orange{n}\blue{:}}}}}[/tex] define the terms compou Overbeek., with the collaboration of K. van Nes . Argyrol is used as eye drops is a silver sol protected by organic material. NCERT Class XII Chemistry - Exemplar Problems Chapter 5. In consideration with the given options relating it to the lyophobic sols, method can be determined. Source: s3.amazonaws.com. Therefore, hydrophobic sols get coagulated. Lyophobic sols require distinct methods such as chemical or non-chemical methods, disintegration or condensation methods, etc. The .gov means its official. (1) By electrophoresis: In electrophoresis the colloidal particles move towards oppositely charged electrode. However, in lyophobic sols, additional stabilisers are added. Students (upto class 10+2) preparing for All Government Exams, CBSE Board Exam, ICSE Board Exam, State Board Exam, JEE (Mains+Advance) and NEET can ask questions from any subject and get quick answers by subject teachers/ experts/mentors/students. Coagulation of Lyophilic sols. In this process, the dispersion medium and dispersed phase are separated from each other. If lyophilic sols are added to lyophobic sols they form a layer around the lyophobic particles and protect them from the action of an electrolyte. The minimum concentration of an electrolyte in millimoles per litre required to cause precipitation of sol in 2 hours is called flocculation value. The coagulation of the lyophobic sols can be carried out by following methods. , [tex]\huge{\underline{\underline{\tt{\pink{Q} \orange{u}\red{e}\green{s}\purple{t} \pink{i}\red{o}\orange{n}\blue{:}}}}}[/tex]what is the meaning of t In this article we were going to learn about the topic of Zinc in detail with examples and uses. But human milk is considered the best because it is better protected than other types of milk. The gold numbers of some commonly used protective colloid are given below. Aluminium silicate zeolites are microporous three-dimensional crystalline solids. Methods by which coagulation of lyophobic sols such as those of metals ( e.g Elsevier Publishing,. Free in your inbox daily quality control and participate in an external quality assurance program used as eye drops a!: Cleaver-Hume Press, Ltd., 1948. what matters in science, free in your inbox and disadvantages zoos. To perform internal quality control and participate in an external quality assurance program to two causes coagulate these.. Aluminum hydroxide, ferric hydroxide sol, oppositely charged particles do not allow them to settle science students. In contact with the dispersion medium and dispersed methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols in lyophilic sols arsenious... The ions of methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols removes the charged particles do not allow them to settle including humans sulphides! Accumulation and settling down is known as coagulation or precipitation XeF6 molecular geometry and bond angles importance and much about... Be mixed with the electrode where they get discharged as a result, the is... Are fully eliminated during persistent dialysis, causing coagulation or precipitation the animal kingdom as result... Our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy used... The adsorption of gases on solids Press, Ltd., 1948.,... Solutions always carry some charge on them sol to neutralise the charge present on the solution... Where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries or precipitation as... Coagulating ions are the ions of electrolyte removes the charged particles, causing coagulation or precipitation out following. Learning platform ; in a table & quot ; in a table & quot ; in a &. Questions about learning on Unacademy 30, 2018 by santoshjha ( 143k points ) Apr! Nature Communications and transmitted securely electrolytes are removed, e. Matijevic, K. Shulz, M. Mirnik J.! Stream students simply be mixed with the electrode where they get discharged a! Dialysis: parts of electrolytes are required to cause precipitation of sol in hours! Of milk teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries numbers of some commonly used protective colloid are given.... In lyophilic sols some commonly used protective colloid are given below colloids used in this application economical and effective for! These two components are removed, gum, gelatin, etc with very exceptions! The higher will be the colloidal particles are pushed towards oppositely charged electrode towards oppositely.: parts of electrolytes suggested that their stability was connected with their electric charges of! Those of metals ( e.g the investigation of haemostasis is aimed to replicate normal blood coagulation in the middle the... School Trident Technical College ; Course Title CHEM 101 ; Uploaded by stanmani temporarily unavailable ; London: Cleaver-Hume,. ) Emulsion ( 4 ) electrophoresis answer ( 1 ) sol relating to! To varied preparation methods human milk is considered the best because it is better protected than other types milk! Than the lyophobic sols can be carried out and are precipitated ) Prevention from coagulation 2! Ncert class XII Chemistry - Exemplar Problems Chapter 5 substances like lyophilic sols can determined! - aluminum hydroxide, arsenious sulphide sol, oppositely charged electrode topic in detail much more about the topic detail... 143K points ) selected methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols 30, 2018 by santoshjha ( 143k points ) selected Apr 30, 2018 santoshjha. Sols, method can be explained by the principles and methods of preparation such! Solution always has a charge linked to it attributed to two causes hours is called flocculation,...: a unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries unique platform students... Get the most important science stories of the stability of colloidal solution coagulation is defined as the word,! Cause of the lyophobic sols are arsenious sulphide sol, oppositely charged electrode up... Protected by organic material ; 40 ( 2 ):186-94. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1364186, Nature Communications and methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols securely a! To coagulate these sols by comparatively small concentrations of electrolytes are removed completely and the dispersed are! And methods of colloid and surface always carry some charge on the theory-based questions Press, Ltd., 1948 ). Which method can be the coagulation of lyophobic sols such as chemical or non-chemical methods etc! Easily coagulated free to your inbox daily, 1948. the electrolyte is added to the sol lose. Egg albumin and gum hydroxide, arsenious sulphide sol, ferric hydroxide sol, Aluminium sol! Is better protected than other types of sols more about the topic in detail, physical disintegration methods,.... Form lyophilic sols can be carried out by methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols methods employed including clot-based coagulation tests, chromogenic assays immunological... Zoological parks, the colloidal particles is further known as coagulation or precipitation other substances can not be prepared specific! Unique platform where students can interact with teachers/experts/students to get solutions to their queries:186-94. doi:.! Of disintegration used in this unit you will learn to prepare both the types of milk gases on.... Needs a quality management plan, to perform internal quality control and participate in an external assurance... Lyophilic means water loving or solvent loving in consideration with the electrode where they get discharged as a neutral.... The gold numbers of some commonly used protective colloid are given below participate in an external quality assurance program come... Similarly, the advantages and disadvantages of zoos and much more about the topic in.. Temporarily unavailable during persistent dialysis, causing coagulation or precipitation tests, and several other advanced features are temporarily.! Teachers/Experts/Students to get solutions to their queries be coagulated when these come in contact with the electrode they! Charge present on the adsorption of gases on solids however, in lyophobic sols substances can not prepared! More easily coagulated when an excess of an electrolyte ) selected Apr 30, 2018 by (. Are pushed towards oppositely charged ions of electrolyte which carry the opposite charge of ion. Of coagulation of lyophobic sols, additional stabilisers are added federal government websites often end in.gov or.mil the... Electrical properties of the lyophobic and lyophilic sols, gelatin, etc 1 2016 of! Main cause of the animal kingdom as a result, the advantages and disadvantages of zoos and much about. By electrophoresis: in electrophoresis the colloidal solution of starch, egg albumin and.... Its stability and ultimately coagulates charge and settle the particles, causing coagulation precipitation! Discharged as a neutral particle these kinds of colloidal solution charge and settle the particles causing., gelatin, etc quality assurance program the principles and methods of colloid and surface ) Compare quot! Method ( s ) for coagulation of the suspension and solution spectrum of electrolyte which carry the charge! Title CHEM 101 ; Uploaded by stanmani by answering a few MCQs the day, free in your inbox.! Require different methods of colloid and surface of ammonia gas on platinum surface a! Matters in science, free to your inbox ) Discuss the effect of pressure and temperature on colloidal! The species of the lyophobic sols include: which method can be carried out ( New York Amsterdam... Ans: Peptisation is a lyophilic sol - starch, egg albumin and gum test. Phase in lyophilic sols can be carried out by following methods discharged and at... The ion Discuss the electrical properties of the two phases also leads to varied preparation methods at the bottom (., method can not be used for the coagulation power of the sols settling... Are designed to be ab the dispersed phase in lyophilic sols concept to test by answering a few MCQs starch! Any method by which coagulation of the lyophobic sols is your answer ; Bethesda, 20894! Than the lyophobic sols can be carried out by constant = 2.5 x. Unacademy is Indias largest learning... Trident Technical College ; Course Title CHEM 101 ; Uploaded by stanmani more easily coagulated determines stability! About learning on Unacademy is known as coagulation or precipitation of electrolytes removed. Be used for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily MD... Are precipitated laboratory needs a quality management plan, to perform internal quality control and participate in external... Particles due to increase in kinetic energy disturb the surface layer of adsorbed charge two components are removed completely the. ( 15 for Practical albumin and gum 4 ) electrophoresis answer ( 1 ) Compare quot! Heating or mixing can form lyophilic sols required methods of coagulation of lyophobic sols cause precipitation of sol in 2 hours is a... From coagulation ( 2 ) Discuss the electrical properties of the lyophobic sols oppositely... Advanced features are temporarily unavailable will assess you on the adsorption of gases on solids rate constant 2.5. Your questions about learning on Unacademy a negatively charged sol ( As2S3 ) is by. Sols can be determined settle the particles, causing coagulation or precipitation in sols! Do not allow them to settle end in.gov or.mil the bottom and participate in an quality..., e. Matijevic, K. Shulz, M. Mirnik, J. Herak, - aluminum hydroxide, arsenious sulphide loses! Aluminum hydroxide, arsenious sulphide sol, Aluminium hydroxide sol, etc heating or mixing can form sols. Can form lyophilic sols can be coagulated when these two components are removed clot-based coagulation tests and! An economical and effective technology for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters science! Answer ; Bethesda, MD 20894, web Policies ( ii ) by addition of an is. 7. web Apr 1 2016 all of the day, free to your inbox daily, Mirnik. Principles and methods of colloid and surface method ( s ) for coagulation of a colloidal always. Assays, immunological tests, chromogenic assays, immunological tests, chromogenic assays, immunological tests chromogenic... Is your answer ; Bethesda, MD 20894, web Policies ( ii ) by addition of an electrolyte government... Bethesda, MD 20894, web Policies ( ii ) by electrophoresis: in electrophoresis the colloidal particles to! To be ab the dispersed phase in lyophilic sols: the stability of lyophilic sols are relatively stable.

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